Pag 198
Buscar los inventos y aportaciones hechas en los Estados Unidos:
Personaje histórico Invento/aportación
(Historical character) (Invention / contribution)
1. Whitney Desmotadora de algodón
(Cotton Gin)
2. Samuel Morse El telégrafo
(The Telegraph)
3. Alexander Graham Bell el teléfono
(Telephone)
4. Thomas A. Edison lámpara eléctrica y el fonógrafo
Electric lamp and phonograph
5. Brayton aplicó petróleo a la fuerza motriz
Applied oil to the driving force
6. Henry Ford creó el automóvil en serie y el trabajo en cadena
Created the automobile and the work in chain
7. Isaac Singer inventó la máquina de coser
Invented the sewing machine
8. Sholes y Glidden máquinas de escribir
typewriters
9. Robert Koch aisló el bacilo de la tuberculosis
Isolated the tuberculosis bacillus
10. Karl Landsteiner descubre los grupos sanguíneos
Discover blood groups
11. Joseph Lister introdujo la antisepsia a la cirugía
Introduced antisepsis to surgery
12. Old Thomas diseñó el quirófano
Designed the operating room
viernes, 24 de marzo de 2017
martes, 21 de marzo de 2017
Los marginados del progreso (The marginalized of the progress)
Página 197
1. ¿Cuáles son las características de trabajo del pequeño y mediano trabajador?
Estaba acostumbrado a trabajar desde su casa o taller y disponía de una independencia casi plena. No había disciplina estricta.
What are the characteristics of the work of the small and medium worker?
Disciplina de trabajo impuesta por patrono, el ingreso y la salida se reglamentan conforme a un plan.
What are the characteristics of the work in the industry and the factory?
Se recurrió a la fuerza, miles de campesinos fueron despojados de su tierra, se reclutan menores de orfelinatos y las calles.
What actions did the government take to recruit workers?
Jornadas de 16 y 18 horas diarias, sin conocer días festivos como existen hoy.
What conditions did the workers suffer?
Days of 16 and 18 hours a day, without knowing holidays as they exist today.
5. ¿Que dispuso la ley sobre menores de 13 años en el trabajo?
Limitaba el trabajo a 8 horas diarias.
What provided the law on children under 13 at work?
Limits the work to 8 hours a day.
1. ¿Cuáles son las características de trabajo del pequeño y mediano trabajador?
Estaba acostumbrado a trabajar desde su casa o taller y disponía de una independencia casi plena. No había disciplina estricta.
What are the characteristics of the work of the small and medium worker?
He was accustomed to working from his home or workshop and had almost complete independence. There was no strict discipline.
2. ¿Cuáles son las características de trabajo en la industria y la fábrica?Disciplina de trabajo impuesta por patrono, el ingreso y la salida se reglamentan conforme a un plan.
What are the characteristics of the work in the industry and the factory?
Discipline of work imposed by employer, entry and exit are regulated according to a plan.
3. ¿Qué acciones hizo el gobierno para reclutar trabajadores?Se recurrió a la fuerza, miles de campesinos fueron despojados de su tierra, se reclutan menores de orfelinatos y las calles.
What actions did the government take to recruit workers?
They used force, thousands of peasants were stripped of their land, minors of orphanages and the streets are recruited.
4. ¿Cuáles condiciones surgen en los trabajadores?Jornadas de 16 y 18 horas diarias, sin conocer días festivos como existen hoy.
What conditions did the workers suffer?
Days of 16 and 18 hours a day, without knowing holidays as they exist today.
5. ¿Que dispuso la ley sobre menores de 13 años en el trabajo?
Limitaba el trabajo a 8 horas diarias.
What provided the law on children under 13 at work?
Limits the work to 8 hours a day.
viernes, 17 de marzo de 2017
La revolución industrial (The industrial Revolution)
Páginas 194-196
Completa el bosquejo (Complete the outline)
A- Cambio en el tipo de trabajo
1. El paso de una economía agrícola tradicional a otra de procesos de producción mecanizada y automatizada para fabricar bienes a gran escala.
A- Change in the type of work
1. The transition from a traditional agricultural economy to another of mechanized and automated production processes to manufacture goods on a large scale.
B- Condiciones necesarias
1. Desarrollo técnico, la disposición de grandes capitales, reservas suficientes de recursos naturales y agrícolas y trabajadores libres para la producción
B- Necessary Conditions
1. Technical development, provision of large capitals, sufficient reserves of natural and agricultural resources and free labor for production.
C- Tipos de máquinas
1. Máquina de vapor, Motor de pistón y motor de doble efecto.
C- Types of machines
1. Steam engine, piston engine and double-acting engine.
D- Horarios de trabajo y quienes trabajan
1. Hombre, mujer y niño puede trabajar de 12 a 16 horas.
D- Working hours and who work
1. Man, woman and child can work from 12 to 16 hours.
E- Consecuencias para Inglaterra
1. Se convierte en productor de bienes y servicios, de máquinas y herramientas. Londres es el principal centro industrial, comercial y financiero del mundo.
E- Consequences for England
1. It becomes a producer of goods and services, of machines and tools. London is the world's leading industrial, commercial and financial center.
Completa el bosquejo (Complete the outline)
A- Cambio en el tipo de trabajo
1. El paso de una economía agrícola tradicional a otra de procesos de producción mecanizada y automatizada para fabricar bienes a gran escala.
A- Change in the type of work
1. The transition from a traditional agricultural economy to another of mechanized and automated production processes to manufacture goods on a large scale.
1. Desarrollo técnico, la disposición de grandes capitales, reservas suficientes de recursos naturales y agrícolas y trabajadores libres para la producción
B- Necessary Conditions
1. Technical development, provision of large capitals, sufficient reserves of natural and agricultural resources and free labor for production.
1. Máquina de vapor, Motor de pistón y motor de doble efecto.
C- Types of machines
1. Steam engine, piston engine and double-acting engine.
1. Hombre, mujer y niño puede trabajar de 12 a 16 horas.
D- Working hours and who work
1. Man, woman and child can work from 12 to 16 hours.
E- Consecuencias para Inglaterra
1. Se convierte en productor de bienes y servicios, de máquinas y herramientas. Londres es el principal centro industrial, comercial y financiero del mundo.
E- Consequences for England
1. It becomes a producer of goods and services, of machines and tools. London is the world's leading industrial, commercial and financial center.
martes, 14 de marzo de 2017
Derecho a la Dignidad (Right to Dignity)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPVB_fTBOCc
Luego de ver el video contestar las preguntas:
1. ¿Qué es para usted la dignidad humana?
What is human dignity for you?
2. ¿Cree que en su escuela existe un respeto pleno a la dignidad humana? ¿Por qué?
Do you believe that your school has full respect for human dignity? Why?
3. ¿Qué grupos están más vulnerables ante la discriminación en tu comunidad? ¿Por qué?
Which groups are most vulnerable to discrimination in your community? Why?
4. ¿Qué medidas usted piensa que deberían aprobarse para lograr la igualdad entre las personas?
What measures do you think should be adopted to achieve equality between people?
5. ¿Existe el racismo en Puerto Rico? Explica
Luego de ver el video contestar las preguntas:
1. ¿Qué es para usted la dignidad humana?
What is human dignity for you?
2. ¿Cree que en su escuela existe un respeto pleno a la dignidad humana? ¿Por qué?
Do you believe that your school has full respect for human dignity? Why?
3. ¿Qué grupos están más vulnerables ante la discriminación en tu comunidad? ¿Por qué?
Which groups are most vulnerable to discrimination in your community? Why?
4. ¿Qué medidas usted piensa que deberían aprobarse para lograr la igualdad entre las personas?
What measures do you think should be adopted to achieve equality between people?
5. ¿Existe el racismo en Puerto Rico? Explica
Is there racism in Puerto Rico? Explain
lunes, 13 de marzo de 2017
Derecho a la Educación (Right to Education)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHdpeHHwSXQ
Luego de ver el video provisto en el enlace contestar las siguientes preguntas:
1. ¿Qué entiendes por una educación plena?
What is the meaning of full education?
2. ¿Qué debe hacerse para que la educación promueva el
respeto a los derechos humanos?
What should be done to ensure that education promotes
respect for human rights?
3. ¿Cuáles son las responsabilidades del Gobierno, los maestros, encargados y los estudiantes en la educación?
Which are the responsibilities of the Government, teachers, caregivers and students in education?
4. Menciona tres (3) problemas que tiene la educación pública.
Mention three (3) problems that public education has.
5. Menciona cuatro (4) cambios que propondrías a la educación pública.
Mention four (4) changes that you would propose to public education.
Luego de ver el video provisto en el enlace contestar las siguientes preguntas:
1. ¿Qué entiendes por una educación plena?
What is the meaning of full education?
2. ¿Qué debe hacerse para que la educación promueva el
respeto a los derechos humanos?
What should be done to ensure that education promotes
respect for human rights?
3. ¿Cuáles son las responsabilidades del Gobierno, los maestros, encargados y los estudiantes en la educación?
Which are the responsibilities of the Government, teachers, caregivers and students in education?
4. Menciona tres (3) problemas que tiene la educación pública.
Mention three (3) problems that public education has.
5. Menciona cuatro (4) cambios que propondrías a la educación pública.
Mention four (4) changes that you would propose to public education.
viernes, 10 de marzo de 2017
Carta De Derechos Puerto Rico (Bill of Rights Puerto Rico)
Constitución de Puerto Rico Constitution of Puerto Rico
Contiene una Carta de Derechos que es considerada uno de sus aportes principales. Además de los
It contains a Bill of Rights which is considered one of its main contributions. In addition to the rights
derechos que están incluidos en la Constitución de Estados Unidos contiene otros de constituciones
that are included in the Constitution of the United States contains other of more modern and
mas modernas y progresistas.
progressive constitutions.
1. Derecho a la instrucción pública, no sectaria y gratuita
Right to free, non-sectarian and public education
2. Privacidad de la comunicación telefónica
Privacy of telephone communication
3. Derecho a fianza en acusaciones de delito
Right to bail in criminal charges
4. Derecho a escoger un trabajo y renunciar al mismo
Right to choose a job and to resign
5. Derecho a organizarse sindicalmente
Right to established union organization
6. Protección a ataques a honra y reputación (Calumnia y Libelo)
Right to trade union organization
Contiene una Carta de Derechos que es considerada uno de sus aportes principales. Además de los
It contains a Bill of Rights which is considered one of its main contributions. In addition to the rights
derechos que están incluidos en la Constitución de Estados Unidos contiene otros de constituciones
that are included in the Constitution of the United States contains other of more modern and
mas modernas y progresistas.
progressive constitutions.
1. Derecho a la instrucción pública, no sectaria y gratuita
Right to free, non-sectarian and public education
2. Privacidad de la comunicación telefónica
Privacy of telephone communication
3. Derecho a fianza en acusaciones de delito
Right to bail in criminal charges
4. Derecho a escoger un trabajo y renunciar al mismo
Right to choose a job and to resign
5. Derecho a organizarse sindicalmente
Right to established union organization
6. Protección a ataques a honra y reputación (Calumnia y Libelo)
Right to trade union organization
martes, 7 de marzo de 2017
Laboratorio sobre Carta de Derechos Estados Unidos (1791)
La Carta de Derechos (en inglés, Bill of Rights) es el término utilizado para describir a las diez primeras enmiendas de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América.
Enmienda 1
El Congreso no hará ley alguna por la que adopte una religión como oficial del Estado o se prohíba practicarla libremente, o que coarte la libertad de palabra o de imprenta, o el derecho del pueblo para reunirse pacíficamente y para pedir al gobierno la reparación de agravios.
Enmienda 2
Siendo necesaria una milicia bien ordenada para la seguridad de un Estado Libre, no se violará el derecho del pueblo a poseer y portar armas.
Enmienda 4
El derecho de los habitantes de que sus personas, domicilios, papeles y efectos se hallen a salvo de pesquisas y aprehensiones arbitrarias, será inviolable, y no se expedirán al efecto mandamientos que no se apoyen en un motivo verosímil, estén corroborados mediante juramento o protesta y describan con particularidad el lugar que deba ser registrado y las personas o cosas que han de ser detenidas o embargadas.
Enmienda 5
Nadie estará obligado a responder de un delito castigado con la pena capital o con otra infamante si un grán jurado no lo denuncia o acusa, a excepción de los casos que se presenten en las fuerzas de mar o tierra o en la milicia nacional cuando se encuentre en servicio efectivo en tiempo de guerra o peligro público; tampoco se pondrá a persona alguna dos veces en peligro de perder la vida o algún miembro con motivo del mismo delito; ni se le compelera a declarar contra sí misma en ningún juicio criminal; ni se le privará de la vida, la libertad o la propiedad sin el debido proceso legal; ni se ocupará la propiedad privada para uso público sin una justa indemnización.
Enmienda 6
En toda causa criminal, el acusado gozará del derecho de ser juzgado rápidamente y en público por un jurado imparcial del distrito y Estado en que el delito se haya cometido, Distrito que deberá haber sido determinado previamente por la ley; así como de que se le haga saber la naturaleza y causa de la acusación, de que se le caree con los testigos que depongan en su contra, de que se obligue a comparecer a los testigos que le favorezcan y de contar con la ayuda de un abogado que lo defienda.
Enmienda 8
No se exigirán fianzas excesivas, ni se impondrán multas excesivas, ni se infligirán penas crueles y desusadas.
Contestar:
1. Identifica los derechos y protecciones (1ra enmienda)
2. ¿Qué permite la segunda enmienda?
3. ¿Cómo puede el gobierno hacer un registro? (4ta enmienda)
4. ¿Qué protección contiene la quinta enmienda sobre declarar en caso de acusación? (5ta)
5. Mencione las garantías de las personas en los procesos criminales. (6ta)
6. ¿Qué se prohíbe expresamente? (8va enmienda)
Enmienda 1
El Congreso no hará ley alguna por la que adopte una religión como oficial del Estado o se prohíba practicarla libremente, o que coarte la libertad de palabra o de imprenta, o el derecho del pueblo para reunirse pacíficamente y para pedir al gobierno la reparación de agravios.
Enmienda 2
Siendo necesaria una milicia bien ordenada para la seguridad de un Estado Libre, no se violará el derecho del pueblo a poseer y portar armas.
Enmienda 4
El derecho de los habitantes de que sus personas, domicilios, papeles y efectos se hallen a salvo de pesquisas y aprehensiones arbitrarias, será inviolable, y no se expedirán al efecto mandamientos que no se apoyen en un motivo verosímil, estén corroborados mediante juramento o protesta y describan con particularidad el lugar que deba ser registrado y las personas o cosas que han de ser detenidas o embargadas.
Enmienda 5
Nadie estará obligado a responder de un delito castigado con la pena capital o con otra infamante si un grán jurado no lo denuncia o acusa, a excepción de los casos que se presenten en las fuerzas de mar o tierra o en la milicia nacional cuando se encuentre en servicio efectivo en tiempo de guerra o peligro público; tampoco se pondrá a persona alguna dos veces en peligro de perder la vida o algún miembro con motivo del mismo delito; ni se le compelera a declarar contra sí misma en ningún juicio criminal; ni se le privará de la vida, la libertad o la propiedad sin el debido proceso legal; ni se ocupará la propiedad privada para uso público sin una justa indemnización.
Enmienda 6
En toda causa criminal, el acusado gozará del derecho de ser juzgado rápidamente y en público por un jurado imparcial del distrito y Estado en que el delito se haya cometido, Distrito que deberá haber sido determinado previamente por la ley; así como de que se le haga saber la naturaleza y causa de la acusación, de que se le caree con los testigos que depongan en su contra, de que se obligue a comparecer a los testigos que le favorezcan y de contar con la ayuda de un abogado que lo defienda.
Enmienda 8
No se exigirán fianzas excesivas, ni se impondrán multas excesivas, ni se infligirán penas crueles y desusadas.
Contestar:
1. Identifica los derechos y protecciones (1ra enmienda)
2. ¿Qué permite la segunda enmienda?
3. ¿Cómo puede el gobierno hacer un registro? (4ta enmienda)
4. ¿Qué protección contiene la quinta enmienda sobre declarar en caso de acusación? (5ta)
5. Mencione las garantías de las personas en los procesos criminales. (6ta)
6. ¿Qué se prohíbe expresamente? (8va enmienda)
Laboratory of Bill of Rights United States (1791)
The Bill of Rights is the term used to describe the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America.
Amendment 1
The Congress shall not make any law by which it adopts a religion as an official of the State or is prohibited from practicing it freely, or that violate freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people to assemble peacefully and to ask the government to redress grievances .
Amendment 2
As a well-ordered militia is necessary for the security of a Free State, the right of the people to possess and bear arms will not be violated.
Amendment 4
The right of the inhabitants that their persons, domiciles, papers and effects are safe from arbitrary searches and apprehensions, will be inviolable, and will not issue to the effect orders that are not based on a plausible motive, are corroborated by oath or protest And describe with particularity the place to be registered and the persons or things to be arrested or seized.
Amendment 5
No one shall be obliged to respond to a crime punishable by capital punishment or another offense if a grand jury does not denounce or accuse him, except for cases that arise in sea or land forces or in the national militia when he is found In effective service in time of war or public danger; Nor shall any person be placed twice in danger of losing his life or any member on the occasion of the same offense; Nor is it compelled to testify against herself in any criminal trial; Nor shall he be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; Nor will private property be used for public use without just compensation.
Amendment 6
In all criminal cases, the accused shall enjoy the right to be tried promptly and in public by an impartial jury of the district and State in which the crime was committed, a district which shall have been previously determined by law; As well as to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation,to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his favor and to have the assistance of a counsel for his defense.
Amendment 1
The Congress shall not make any law by which it adopts a religion as an official of the State or is prohibited from practicing it freely, or that violate freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people to assemble peacefully and to ask the government to redress grievances .
Amendment 2
As a well-ordered militia is necessary for the security of a Free State, the right of the people to possess and bear arms will not be violated.
Amendment 4
The right of the inhabitants that their persons, domiciles, papers and effects are safe from arbitrary searches and apprehensions, will be inviolable, and will not issue to the effect orders that are not based on a plausible motive, are corroborated by oath or protest And describe with particularity the place to be registered and the persons or things to be arrested or seized.
Amendment 5
No one shall be obliged to respond to a crime punishable by capital punishment or another offense if a grand jury does not denounce or accuse him, except for cases that arise in sea or land forces or in the national militia when he is found In effective service in time of war or public danger; Nor shall any person be placed twice in danger of losing his life or any member on the occasion of the same offense; Nor is it compelled to testify against herself in any criminal trial; Nor shall he be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; Nor will private property be used for public use without just compensation.
Amendment 6
In all criminal cases, the accused shall enjoy the right to be tried promptly and in public by an impartial jury of the district and State in which the crime was committed, a district which shall have been previously determined by law; As well as to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation,to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his favor and to have the assistance of a counsel for his defense.
Amendment 8
No excessive bail shall be exacted, no excessive fines shall be imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted.
Answer:
1. Identify the rights and protections (1st amendment)
2. What does the second amendment allow?
3. How can the government make a registration? (4th Amendment)
4. What protection is contained in the fifth amendment to testify in case of accusation? (5th)
5. Mention the guarantees of people in criminal proceedings. (6th)
6. What is expressly prohibited? (8th amendment)
No excessive bail shall be exacted, no excessive fines shall be imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted.
Answer:
1. Identify the rights and protections (1st amendment)
2. What does the second amendment allow?
3. How can the government make a registration? (4th Amendment)
4. What protection is contained in the fifth amendment to testify in case of accusation? (5th)
5. Mention the guarantees of people in criminal proceedings. (6th)
6. What is expressly prohibited? (8th amendment)
lunes, 6 de marzo de 2017
Bill of Rights (1789) Activity
I. Men have been born, and continue to be, free and equal in terms of their rights. Therefore, civil distinctions can only be based on public utility.
II. The purpose of all political associations is the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; And those rights are freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression.
III. The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; No individual or corporation can be clothed with any authority that does not emanate directly from it.
V. The law should only prohibit actions that are harmful to society. What is not forbidden by law should not be hindered. No one should be forced to what the law does not order.
VI. The law is an expression of the will of the community. It must be the same for all, either to punish or to reward; And all being equal before it, all are equally eligible for all honors, placements, and employments, according to their different capacities, without any other distinction than that created by virtue and knowledge.
IX. Every man is considered innocent until he has been convicted. Therefore, whenever his detention becomes indispensable, it must be avoided by law any greater severity than is indispensable to ensure his person.
XI. Since unfettered communication of thoughts and opinions is one of man's most valuable rights, every citizen can speak, write and publish freely, bearing in mind that he is responsible for the abuses of this freedom in cases determined by law .
XVII. Since the right of ownership is inviolable and sacred, no one shall be deprived of it, except in cases of obvious public necessity, legally proven, and subject to prior and fair compensation.
Exercise to do in the notebook:
1. What is the status of each human being at birth?
2. What rights are established as natural and imprescriptible?
3. What is the source of sovereignty?
4. What should be prohibited by law?
5. What is the presumption of every person upon arrest?
6. What actions can human beings do without any obstacles?
7. Can the state interfere with the right to property?
II. The purpose of all political associations is the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; And those rights are freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression.
III. The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; No individual or corporation can be clothed with any authority that does not emanate directly from it.
V. The law should only prohibit actions that are harmful to society. What is not forbidden by law should not be hindered. No one should be forced to what the law does not order.
VI. The law is an expression of the will of the community. It must be the same for all, either to punish or to reward; And all being equal before it, all are equally eligible for all honors, placements, and employments, according to their different capacities, without any other distinction than that created by virtue and knowledge.
IX. Every man is considered innocent until he has been convicted. Therefore, whenever his detention becomes indispensable, it must be avoided by law any greater severity than is indispensable to ensure his person.
XI. Since unfettered communication of thoughts and opinions is one of man's most valuable rights, every citizen can speak, write and publish freely, bearing in mind that he is responsible for the abuses of this freedom in cases determined by law .
XVII. Since the right of ownership is inviolable and sacred, no one shall be deprived of it, except in cases of obvious public necessity, legally proven, and subject to prior and fair compensation.
Exercise to do in the notebook:
1. What is the status of each human being at birth?
2. What rights are established as natural and imprescriptible?
3. What is the source of sovereignty?
4. What should be prohibited by law?
5. What is the presumption of every person upon arrest?
6. What actions can human beings do without any obstacles?
7. Can the state interfere with the right to property?
Ejercicio sobre la declaración de Derechos
Resumen Declaración de Derechos (1789)
I. Los hombres han nacido, y continúan siendo, libres e iguales en cuanto a sus derechos. Por lo tanto, las distinciones civiles sólo podrán fundarse en la utilidad pública.
II. La finalidad de todas las asociaciones políticas es la protección de los derechos naturales e imprescriptibles del hombre; y esos derechos son libertad, propiedad, seguridad y resistencia a la opresión.
III. La nación es esencialmente la fuente de toda soberanía; ningún individuo ni ninguna corporación pueden ser revestidos de autoridad alguna que no emane directamente de ella.
V. La ley sólo debe prohibir las acciones que son perjudiciales a la sociedad. Lo que no está prohibido por la ley no debe ser estorbado. Nadie debe verse obligado a aquello que la ley no ordena.
VI. La ley es expresión de la voluntad de la comunidad. Debe ser igual para todos, sea para castigar o para premiar; y siendo todos iguales ante ella, todos son igualmente elegibles para todos los honores, colocaciones y empleos, conforme a sus distintas capacidades, sin ninguna otra distinción que la creada por sus virtudes y conocimientos.
IX. Todo hombre es considerado inocente hasta que ha sido convicto. Por lo tanto, siempre que su detención se haga indispensable, se ha de evitar por la ley cualquier rigor mayor del indispensable para asegurar su persona.
XI. Puesto que la comunicación sin trabas de los pensamientos y opiniones es uno de los más valiosos derechos del hombre, todo ciudadano puede hablar, escribir y publicar libremente, teniendo en cuenta que es responsable de los abusos de esta libertad en los casos determinados por la ley.
XVII. Siendo inviolable y sagrado el derecho de propiedad, nadie deberá ser privado de él, excepto en los casos de necesidad pública evidente, legalmente comprobada, y en condiciones de una indemnización previa y justa.
Ejercicio para hacer en la libreta:
1. ¿Cuál es el status de cada ser humano al nacer?
2. ¿Cuáles derechos se establecen como naturales e imprescriptibles?
3. ¿Cuál es la fuente de la soberanía?
4. ¿Qué debe ser prohibido por ley?
5. ¿Cuál es la presunción de toda persona al ser arrestada?
6. ¿Cuáles acciones puede hacer el ser humano sin obstáculo alguno?
7. ¿Puede el estado interferir con el derecho a la propiedad?
I. Los hombres han nacido, y continúan siendo, libres e iguales en cuanto a sus derechos. Por lo tanto, las distinciones civiles sólo podrán fundarse en la utilidad pública.
II. La finalidad de todas las asociaciones políticas es la protección de los derechos naturales e imprescriptibles del hombre; y esos derechos son libertad, propiedad, seguridad y resistencia a la opresión.
III. La nación es esencialmente la fuente de toda soberanía; ningún individuo ni ninguna corporación pueden ser revestidos de autoridad alguna que no emane directamente de ella.
V. La ley sólo debe prohibir las acciones que son perjudiciales a la sociedad. Lo que no está prohibido por la ley no debe ser estorbado. Nadie debe verse obligado a aquello que la ley no ordena.
VI. La ley es expresión de la voluntad de la comunidad. Debe ser igual para todos, sea para castigar o para premiar; y siendo todos iguales ante ella, todos son igualmente elegibles para todos los honores, colocaciones y empleos, conforme a sus distintas capacidades, sin ninguna otra distinción que la creada por sus virtudes y conocimientos.
IX. Todo hombre es considerado inocente hasta que ha sido convicto. Por lo tanto, siempre que su detención se haga indispensable, se ha de evitar por la ley cualquier rigor mayor del indispensable para asegurar su persona.
XI. Puesto que la comunicación sin trabas de los pensamientos y opiniones es uno de los más valiosos derechos del hombre, todo ciudadano puede hablar, escribir y publicar libremente, teniendo en cuenta que es responsable de los abusos de esta libertad en los casos determinados por la ley.
XVII. Siendo inviolable y sagrado el derecho de propiedad, nadie deberá ser privado de él, excepto en los casos de necesidad pública evidente, legalmente comprobada, y en condiciones de una indemnización previa y justa.
Ejercicio para hacer en la libreta:
1. ¿Cuál es el status de cada ser humano al nacer?
2. ¿Cuáles derechos se establecen como naturales e imprescriptibles?
3. ¿Cuál es la fuente de la soberanía?
4. ¿Qué debe ser prohibido por ley?
5. ¿Cuál es la presunción de toda persona al ser arrestada?
6. ¿Cuáles acciones puede hacer el ser humano sin obstáculo alguno?
7. ¿Puede el estado interferir con el derecho a la propiedad?
miércoles, 1 de marzo de 2017
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Adopted by the French Constituent Assembly from 20 to 26 August 1789, accepted by the King of France on October 5, 1789.
The representatives of the French people, who have formed a National Assembly, considering that ignorance, neglect or contempt of human rights are the only causes of public calamities and corruption of governments, have resolved to state in a solemn declaration these Natural rights, imprescriptible and inalienable; So that, as this statement is continually present in the minds of the members of the social corporation, they can always be attentive to their rights and duties; So that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of the government, being able to be confronted at all times for the purposes of political institutions, may be more respected, and also that the future aspirations of citizens, being guided by simple principles and Incontestable, can always tend to maintain the Constitution and general happiness.
For these reasons, the National Assembly, in the presence of the Supreme Being and in the hope of his blessing and favor, recognizes and declares the following sacred rights of man and of the citizen:
I. Men have been born, and continue to be, free and equal in terms of their rights. Therefore, civil distinctions can only be based on public utility.
II. The purpose of all political associations is the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; And those rights are freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression.
III. The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; No individual or corporation can be clothed with any authority that does not emanate directly from it.
IV. Political freedom consists in being able to do everything that does not cause harm to others. The exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits other than those necessary to guarantee to any other man the free exercise of the same rights; And these limits can only be determined by law.
V. The law should only prohibit actions that are harmful to society. What is not forbidden by law should not be hindered. No one should be forced to what the law does not order.
SAW. The law is an expression of the will of the community. All citizens have the right to collaborate in their formation, either personally or through their representatives. It must be the same for all, either to punish or to reward; And all being equal before it, all are equally eligible for all honors, placements, and employments, according to their different capacities, without any distinction other than that created by virtue and knowledge.
VII. No man may be charged, arrested and held in confinement, except in cases determined by law, and in accordance with the forms prescribed by law. Anyone who promotes, requests, executes or causes arbitrary orders to be executed must be punished, and any citizen required or apprehended by virtue of the law must immediately obey, and be guilty if he offers resistance.
VIII. The law should not impose other penalties than those that are evidently necessary; And no one should be punished except by virtue of a law promulgated prior to the offense and legally enforced.
IX. Every man is considered innocent until he has been convicted. Therefore, whenever his detention becomes indispensable, it must be avoided by law any greater severity than is indispensable to ensure his person.
X. No man should be disturbed by reason of his opinions, or even by his religious ideas, provided that in manifesting them they do not cause disturbances of the public order established by the law.
XI. Since unfettered communication of thoughts and opinions is one of man's most valuable rights, every citizen can speak, write and publish freely, bearing in mind that he is responsible for the abuses of this freedom in cases determined by law .
XII. If a public force is necessary to give protection to the rights of man and of the citizen, this force will be constituted for the benefit of the community, and not for the particular benefit of the people for whom it is constituted.
XIII. If it is necessary, in order to sustain the public force and to subsidize other government expenditures, a common contribution must be distributed equally among the members of the community, according to their faculties.
XIV. Every citizen has the right, either by himself or by his representative, to cast a free vote in order to determine the need for public contributions, their award and their amount, method of assessment and duration.
XV. Every community has the right to ask all its agents to account for their behavior.
XVI. Any community in which separation of powers and security of rights is not stipulated needs a Constitution.
XVII. Since the right of ownership is inviolable and sacred, no one shall be deprived of it, except in cases of obvious public necessity, legally proven, and subject to prior and fair compensation.
Adopted by the French Constituent Assembly from 20 to 26 August 1789, accepted by the King of France on October 5, 1789.
The representatives of the French people, who have formed a National Assembly, considering that ignorance, neglect or contempt of human rights are the only causes of public calamities and corruption of governments, have resolved to state in a solemn declaration these Natural rights, imprescriptible and inalienable; So that, as this statement is continually present in the minds of the members of the social corporation, they can always be attentive to their rights and duties; So that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of the government, being able to be confronted at all times for the purposes of political institutions, may be more respected, and also that the future aspirations of citizens, being guided by simple principles and Incontestable, can always tend to maintain the Constitution and general happiness.
For these reasons, the National Assembly, in the presence of the Supreme Being and in the hope of his blessing and favor, recognizes and declares the following sacred rights of man and of the citizen:
I. Men have been born, and continue to be, free and equal in terms of their rights. Therefore, civil distinctions can only be based on public utility.
II. The purpose of all political associations is the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; And those rights are freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression.
III. The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; No individual or corporation can be clothed with any authority that does not emanate directly from it.
IV. Political freedom consists in being able to do everything that does not cause harm to others. The exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits other than those necessary to guarantee to any other man the free exercise of the same rights; And these limits can only be determined by law.
V. The law should only prohibit actions that are harmful to society. What is not forbidden by law should not be hindered. No one should be forced to what the law does not order.
SAW. The law is an expression of the will of the community. All citizens have the right to collaborate in their formation, either personally or through their representatives. It must be the same for all, either to punish or to reward; And all being equal before it, all are equally eligible for all honors, placements, and employments, according to their different capacities, without any distinction other than that created by virtue and knowledge.
VII. No man may be charged, arrested and held in confinement, except in cases determined by law, and in accordance with the forms prescribed by law. Anyone who promotes, requests, executes or causes arbitrary orders to be executed must be punished, and any citizen required or apprehended by virtue of the law must immediately obey, and be guilty if he offers resistance.
VIII. The law should not impose other penalties than those that are evidently necessary; And no one should be punished except by virtue of a law promulgated prior to the offense and legally enforced.
IX. Every man is considered innocent until he has been convicted. Therefore, whenever his detention becomes indispensable, it must be avoided by law any greater severity than is indispensable to ensure his person.
X. No man should be disturbed by reason of his opinions, or even by his religious ideas, provided that in manifesting them they do not cause disturbances of the public order established by the law.
XI. Since unfettered communication of thoughts and opinions is one of man's most valuable rights, every citizen can speak, write and publish freely, bearing in mind that he is responsible for the abuses of this freedom in cases determined by law .
XII. If a public force is necessary to give protection to the rights of man and of the citizen, this force will be constituted for the benefit of the community, and not for the particular benefit of the people for whom it is constituted.
XIII. If it is necessary, in order to sustain the public force and to subsidize other government expenditures, a common contribution must be distributed equally among the members of the community, according to their faculties.
XIV. Every citizen has the right, either by himself or by his representative, to cast a free vote in order to determine the need for public contributions, their award and their amount, method of assessment and duration.
XV. Every community has the right to ask all its agents to account for their behavior.
XVI. Any community in which separation of powers and security of rights is not stipulated needs a Constitution.
XVII. Since the right of ownership is inviolable and sacred, no one shall be deprived of it, except in cases of obvious public necessity, legally proven, and subject to prior and fair compensation.
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